Tonga

Centered along the Zambezi River, the Tonga River Culture (1000 CE - 1900 CE) reflects the spiritual and ecological relationship the Tonga people had with their environment. The river was seen as a life-giving force, with Nyaminyami as its guardian spirit, embodying protection and sustenance.

This era saw the development of rituals, myths, and festivals honoring the Zambezi, emphasizing harmony with nature. Despite disruptions during European colonization, the Tonga maintained their cultural identity, with their river-centered mythology standing as a testament to resilience and reverence for natural cycles.